Individual’s Ability To Quit Smoking Essay Discussion Paper

Posted May 18, 2023

Approximately 8 Min Read

Question

Epidemiology

1) A researcher is interested in Springfield citizens’ shopping habits and surveys a randomly selected group of 200 Walmart shoppers.

In the survey, 76% said that price of an item was more important to them than where the item was produced.

The researcher concluded that “About three-quarters of the people in Springfield are more concerned with cost than where an item is made.”

Do you have concerns about the researcher’s conclusion?

A) Yes, the sample of Wal-Mart customers is most likely not representative of the population.

B) Yes, 76% is not exactly three-quarters.

C) Yes, the size of the sample is too small.

D) No, the conclusion seems valid.

2) While we generally use a p-value of 0.05 as our alpha value (our refernce p-value to which we compare our study results), we can change our alpha value to either be more or less tolerant of random error. If you have a hypothesis test with alpha = 0.03 (our reference p-value), which of the following P-Values does NOT imply statistical significance? Individual’s Ability To Quit Smoking Essay Discussion Paper

A) 0.011

B) 0.091

C) 0.005

D) 0.029

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3) When you calculate a risk ratio using a contingency table you get a point estimate. This risk ratio point estimate represents the association in your specific data. Once we run statistical tests, we can identify if this risk ratio is significant or not in the context of a larger population by looking at the the 95% confidence interval or p-value.

If the risk ratio for my study was 0.64, which confidence interval would suggest significance and which would suggest non-significant results?

A. (0.48 – 1.16)

B. (0.25 – 0.91)

4) Only about 20% of people who try to quit smoking succeed. Sellers of a motivational tape claim that listening to the recorded messages can help people quit. Suppose the sellers of the motivational tapes are conducting a study to prove that their tapes help individuals quit.

Match the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for the study conducted by the sellers of the motivational tapes.

– Ho

– Ha

A) There is no association between the motivational tapes and quitting smoking

B) The is a negative association between the number of motivtioal tapes one listens to and their ability to quit smoking

C) The motivational tapes decrease an individuals ability to quit smoking

D) Those who quit smoking have a lower liklihood of listening to these motivational tapes.

E) The motivational tapes increase an individuals ability to quit smoking

Expert Answer

Step-by-step

1st step

All steps

Answer only

Step 1/3

1. A) Yes, the sample of Wal-Mart customers is most likely not representative of the population.

The researcher’s conclusion is based on a sample of only 200 Walmart shoppers, which may not be representative of the entire population of Springfield citizens. Walmart shoppers may have different shopping habits and priorities compared to non-Walmart shoppers, which could bias the results. Additionally, the sample size of 200 may not be large enough to accurately reflect the population’s attitudes and opinions. Therefore, the conclusion should be viewed with caution and may not be generalizable to the entire population of Springfield.

let us explain why not other options:

Explanation:

B) The difference between 76% and three-quarters (which is 75%) is minimal and likely not practically significant, so this is not a major concern for the validity of the conclusion.

C) The sample size of 200 may be too small for certain analyses, but it is not necessarily too small for all research questions. In some cases, a sample size of 200 could be sufficient to accurately represent the population of interest. However, in this specific scenario, the concern is more about the representativeness of the sample rather than the size of the sample.

D) While the conclusion may seem reasonable, it is important to consider the limitations of the study, such as the potential biases in the sample selection, and the fact that the conclusion is based solely on the responses of Walmart shoppers. Therefore, it is important to interpret the conclusion with caution and avoid making generalizations beyond the sample.

Step 2/3

2. B) 0.091 does NOT imply statistical significance at an alpha level of 0.03.

When we set a significance level (alpha) for a hypothesis test, we reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than or equal to alpha. Therefore, if we set alpha to be 0.03, we would reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than or equal to 0.03.

Out of the given options, the p-values that are less than or equal to 0.03 are:

A) 0.011

C) 0.005

D) 0.029

These p-values are smaller than the alpha level of 0.03, so they imply statistical significance. However, the p-value of 0.091 is greater than the alpha level, so it does NOT imply statistical significance. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.

3. B. (0.25 – 0.91) would suggest statistical significance, while A. (0.48 – 1.16) would suggest non-significant results.

When we calculate a point estimate for a risk ratio from a contingency table, we want to determine if there is a statistically significant association between two variables. This is done by constructing a confidence interval for the risk ratio and checking whether it includes the null value of 1.0. If the confidence interval does not include 1.0, we can conclude that the association is statistically significant.

In this case, the point estimate for the risk ratio is 0.64, which means that the risk of the outcome is 0.64 times lower in one group compared to another group. If we construct a 95% confidence interval for this risk ratio, we can determine if it is statistically significant or not.

For option A, the confidence interval is (0.48 – 1.16). Since this confidence interval includes the null value of 1.0, we cannot conclude that the association is statistically significant. Therefore, option A would suggest non-significant results.

For option B, the confidence interval is (0.25 – 0.91). Since this confidence interval does not include the null value of 1.0, we can conclude that the association is statistically significant. Therefore, option B would suggest significant results.

Step 3/3

The appropriate null and alternative hypotheses for the study conducted by the sellers of the motivational tapes are:

Ho: There is no association between listening to the motivational tapes and quitting smoking.
Ha: The motivational tapes increase an individual’s ability to quit smoking.

Therefore, the correct answer is E) The motivational tapes increase an individual’s ability to quit smoking.

Now let us understand why other options are not corrected:

Explanation:

Option A matches the null hypothesis but does not match the alternative hypothesis, which suggests that the motivational tapes do have an effect.

Option B matches the alternative hypothesis, but the direction of the association is negative, which suggests that the tapes decrease the ability to quit smoking, rather than increase it.

Option C also matches the alternative hypothesis, but the direction of the association is negative, which suggests that the tapes have a detrimental effect on the ability to quit smoking.

Option D matches neither the null nor alternative hypothesis, as it is focused on the relationship between quitting smoking and listening to the tapes, rather than the effect of the tapes themselves.

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Final answer

Final results:

A) Yes, the sample of Wal-Mart customers is most likely not representative of the population.
B) 0.091
A. (0.48 – 1.16) suggests non-significant results, and B. (0.25 – 0.91) suggests significance.

Ho: There is no association between the motivational tapes and quitting smoking.
Ha: The motivational tapes increase an individual’s ability to quit smoking.

E option is correct Individual’s Ability To Quit Smoking Essay Discussion Paper

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